A non-lethal means of fertility control is urgently needed to manage elephant populations in several areas of southern and eastern Africa. SpayVac™, a long-lasting, single-dose contraceptive vaccine, promises to be able to meet this need.

Prior to field trials, however, it is first necessary to determine that candidate formulations of SpayVac™ are safe and which of the candidate formulations are capable of producing potentially effective antibody titers.